![]() ![]() Carbon-14 is made by the np reaction of nitrogen-14 with neutrons. For instance the walls of a glass bottle are able to absorb it. While the energy of the beta particles is higher than those of tritium they are still quite low in energy. Tritium can be made by the neutron irradiation of lithium.Ĭarbon-14 is also commonly used as a beta source in research, it is commonly used as a radiotracer in organic compounds. Tritium can also be found in metal work in the form of a tritiated rust, this can be treated by heating the steel in a furnace to drive off the tritium-containing water. An advantage of the low energy of the decay is that it is easy to shield, since the low energy electrons penetrate only to shallow depths, reducing the safety issues in deal with the isotope. The electrons from beta emission from tritium are so low in energy (average decay energy 5.7 keV) that a Geiger counter cannot be used to detect them. Tritium is a low-energy beta emitter commonly used as a radiotracer in research and in traser self-powered lightings. Both strontium-89 and strontium-90 are fission products. Strontium-89 is a short-lived beta emitter which has been used as a treatment for bone tumors, this is used in palliative care in terminal cancer cases. ![]() As strontium is water-soluble, the perovskite form strontium titanate is usually employed as it is not water-soluble and has a high melting point. Strontium-90 based RTGs have been used to power remote lighthouses. Strontium-90 has a shorter half-life, produces less power, and requires more shielding than plutonium-238, but is cheaper as it is a fission product and is present in a high concentration in nuclear waste and can be relatively easily chemically extracted. These use heat produced by radioactive decay of strontium-90 to generate heat, which can be converted to electricity using a thermocouple. It is also used as a thermal power source in radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) power packs. It decays to yttrium-90, which is itself a beta emitter. Strontium-90 is a commonly used beta emitter used in industrial sources. ![]()
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